H Segal Dream Phantasy and Art 2006 P 38

English psychoanalyst and psychiatrist

Wilfred Bion
Born	Wilfred Ruprecht Bion (1897-09-08)viii September 1897 Mathura, Northward-Western Provinces, Republic of india
Died	28 August 1979(1979-08-28) (anile 81) Oxford, England
Nationality	British
Occupation	psychoanalyst
Known for	Psychoanalysis and Group Process The Psychoanalysis of Thinking and Learning from Experience The Grid Object relations theory Containment theory
Spouse(due south)	Betty Jardine Francesca Bion
Children	Parthenope Bion Talamo, Nicola Bion, Julian Bion

Wilfred Ruprecht Bion DSO (; 8 September 1897 – 8 November 1979) was an influential English language psychoanalyst, who became president of the British Psychoanalytical Order from 1962 to 1965.^[1]

Early on life and military machine service [edit]

Wilfred Bion in uniform in 1916

Bion was born in Mathura, North-Western Provinces, India, and educated at Bishop's Stortford Higher in England.^[2] Later the outbreak of the First World State of war, he served in the Tank Corps as a tank commander in France, and was awarded both the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) (on 18 February 1918, for his actions at the Battle of Cambrai),^{[2] [three]} and the Croix de Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur.^[4] He commencement entered the war zone on 26 June 1917,^[5] and was promoted to temporary lieutenant on 10 June 1918,^[vi] and to acting helm on 22 March 1918, when he took command of a tank department,^[7] he retained the rank when he became second-in-command of a tank company on 19 October 1918,^[8] and relinquished it on seven Jan 1919.^[nine] He was demobilised on 1 September 1921, and was granted the rank of helm.^[10] The full commendation for his DSO reads:

Awarded the Distinguished Service Social club.

[...]

T./2nd Lt, Wilfred Ruprecht Bion, Tank Corps.

For conspicuous gallantry, and devotion to duty. When in command of his tank in an attack he engaged a big number of enemy motorcar guns in strong positions, thus assisting the infantry to accelerate. When his tank was put out of action by a direct hitting he occupied a section of trench with his men and machine guns and opened burn on the enemy. He moved about in the open, giving directions to other tanks when they arrived, and at one period fired a Lewis gun with great effect from the superlative of his tank. He also got a captured car gun into action against the enemy, and when reinforcements arrived he took control of a company of infantry whose commander was killed. He showed magnificent backbone and initiative in a most difficult situation.^[eleven]

"Bion's daughter, Parthenope...raises the question of just how (and how far) her begetter was shaped every bit an annotator by his wartime experiences...under[p]inning Bion's later business with the coexistence of regressed or primitive proto-mental states alongside more sophisticated one".^[12]

Education and early on career [edit]

After World War I, Bion studied history at The Queen's College, Oxford, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1922, before studying medicine at Academy Higher London.

Initially attracted to London past the "strange new subject chosen psychoanalysis", he met and was impressed by Wilfred Trotter, an outstanding encephalon surgeon who published the famous Instincts of the Herd in Peace and State of war in 1916, based on the horrors of the First World State of war. This was to prove an important influence on Bion's interest in group behavior. Having qualified in medicine by means of the Conjoint Diploma (MRCS England, LRCP London) in 1930^[thirteen] Bion spent vii years in psychotherapeutic training at the Tavistock Clinic, an experience he regarded, in retrospect, as having had some limitations. Information technology did, however, bring him into fruitful contact with Samuel Beckett. He wanted to train in Psychoanalysis and in 1938 he began a training analysis with John Rickman, but this was brought to an end past the advent of the 2nd World War.

Bion was recommissioned in the Royal Ground forces Medical Corps as a lieutenant on 1 April 1940,^[fourteen] and worked in a number of military hospitals including Northfield Armed forces Infirmary (Hollymoor Infirmary, Birmingham) where he initiated the showtime Northfield Experiment. These ideas on the psychoanalysis of groups were then taken upward and developed by others such equally South. H. Foulkes, Rickman, Bridger, Primary and Patrick De Mare. The entire group at Tavistock had in fact been taken into the army, and were working on new methods of treatment for psychiatric casualties (those suffering post-traumatic stress, or "shell shock" as it was and then known.) Out of this his pioneering work in group dynamics, associated with the "Tavistock group", Bion's papers describing his work of the 1940s were compiled much later and appeared together in 1961 in his influential book, Experiences in Groups and other papers. It was less a guide for the therapy of individuals inside or past the grouping, than an exploration of the processes ready off by the complex experience of existence in a group. The volume apace became a touchstone work for applications of grouping theory in a wide variety of fields.

In 1945, during the Second World War, Bion's wife Betty Jardine gave birth to a daughter, merely Betty died a few days afterwards. His daughter, Parthenope, became a psychoanalyst in Italia, and often lectured and wrote about her male parent's work. Parthenope died, together with her 18-twelvemonth-old daughter Patrizia, in a car crash in Italy in July 1998.^[15]

Later career [edit]

Returning to the Tavistock Dispensary Bion chaired the Planning Commission that reorganized the Tavistock into the new Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, alongside a new Tavistock Dispensary which was function of the newly launched National Health Service. As his interest in psychoanalysis increased, he underwent training analysis, betwixt 1946 and 1952, with Melanie Klein. He met his second wife, Francesca, at the Tavistock in 1951. He joined a research group of Klein's students (including Hanna Segal and Herbert Rosenfeld), who were developing Klein'southward theory of the paranoid-schizoid and the depressive positions, for use in the assay of patients with psychotic disorders. He produced a series of highly original and influential papers (collected as "2nd Thoughts", 1967) on the analysis of schizophrenia, and the specifically cognitive, perceptual, and identity problems of such patients. To this he added a valuable terminal department called Commentary, showing how some of his views on clinical and theoretical matters had changed.

Bion's theories, which were e'er based in the phenomena of the analytic encounter, revealed both correspondences and expansions of cadre ideas from both Sigmund Freud and Melanie Klein.^[xvi] At one point, he attempted to empathize thoughts and thinking from an 'algebraic', 'geometric' and 'mathematised' point of view, assertive in that location to be too little precision in the existing vocabulary, a process culminating in "The Filigree".^[17] After he abandoned the complex, abstruse applications of mathematics, and the Filigree, and developed a more intuitive approach, epitomised in Attention and Interpretation (1970).

In 1968, Bion moved to Los Angeles, California,^[18] where he remained until 1977. During those years he mentored a number of psychoanalysts interested in Kleinian approaches, including James Gooch (psychoanalyst) and other founding members of the Psychoanalytic Centre of California. Shortly before his death, he returned to Oxfordshire.^[nineteen]

Reception and stature [edit]

Bion left a reputation which has grown steadily both in Britain and internationally.^{[ commendation needed ]} Some commentators consider that his writings are oft gnomic and irritating, but never fail to stimulate. He defies categorisation as a follower of Klein or of Freud. While Bion is most well known outside of the psychoanalytic customs for his work on group dynamics, the psychoanalytic conversation that explores his work is mainly concerned with his theory of thinking, and his model of the development of a capacity for thought.

Wilfred Bion was a potent and original contributor to psychoanalysis. He was one of the first to analyse patients in psychotic states using an unmodified analytic technique; he extended existing theories of projective processes and developed new conceptual tools. The degree of collaboration betwixt Hanna Segal, Wilfred Bion and Herbert Rosenfeld in their piece of work with psychotic patients during the belatedly 1950s, and their discussions with Melanie Klein at the time, means that information technology is non ever possible to distinguish their exact individual contributions to the developing theory of splitting, projective identification, unconscious phantasy and the use of countertransference. Every bit Donald Meltzer (1979, 1981), Denis Carpy (1989, p. 287), and Michael Feldman (2009, pp. 33, 42) accept pointed out, these 3 pioneering analysts not only sustained Klein'southward clinical and theoretical approach, just through an extension of the concept of projective identification and countertransference they deepened and expanded information technology. In Bion'southward clinical work and supervision the goal remains insightful understanding of psychic reality through a disciplined experiencing of the transference–countertransference, in a way that promotes the growth of the whole personality.

'Bion's ideas are highly unique', then that he 'remained larger than life to almost all who encountered him'.^[twenty] He has been considered by Neville Symington equally possibly "the greatest psychoanalytic thinker...after Freud".^[21]

At that place is some historical evidence to suggest that the thought of containment may accept been suggested to Bion in the mid-1930s, by an encounter with C.G.Jung: Bion attended Jung'due south 1935 lectures at the Tavistock Clinic, in which Bion was an active participant (asking three questions of Jung about a range of aspects of Jung's thinking^[22]). The experience was described by James Grotstein, Bion's biographer and "one of Bion's virtually influential pupils",^[23] equally having had a "dramatic impact" on Bion.^[24]

Group experiments [edit]

Bion performed a lot of group experiments when he was put in charge of the training wing of a military infirmary.^[25] Besides observing the basic assumptions recurring in these groups, he besides has observed some very interesting phenomena to which he believed may well apply to society.^[26]

Among his interesting findings was that in a group, the standards of social intercourse lacks intellectual content and critical judgement.^[27] This observation agrees with Gustave Le Bon'due south findings about groups to which he mentioned in his book The Crowd.

Another interesting ascertainment was that whatsoever a grouping member says or does in a group illuminates that fellow member's view of the group and is an illumination of that member's personality.^[28] This miracle is what psychologists call Projection.

If the contributions of the group and its members tin can be fabricated anonymously then the foundations for a organisation of deprival and evasion is established.^[28] This phenomenon is better known equally Deindividuation.

And perhaps one of the nearly of import findings in his experiments was that whenever a grouping is formed, information technology e'er seeks a leader to follow. The grouping then searches for someone who has questionable attributes with his or her mental health. Initially, the grouping will search for someone who is paranoid schizophrenic or someone who is malignant hysteric. If the group is unable to find someone with those attributes, the grouping looks for someone with delinquent trends and a psychopathic personality. Otherwise, the group would merely settle on the verbally facile high-course defective.^[29]

Group dynamics—the "basic assumptions" [edit]

Wilfred Bion's observations about the role of group processes in group dynamics are fix out in Experiences in Groups and other papers, written in the 1940s simply compiled and published in 1961, where he refers to recurrent emotional states of groups as 'basic assumptions'. Bion argues that in every group, 2 groups are actually present: the work group, and the basic assumption grouping. The work grouping is that attribute of group functioning which has to do with the principal job of the group—what the group has formed to reach; will "proceed the grouping anchored to a sophisticated and rational level of behaviour".^[thirty] The basic assumption grouping describes the tacit underlying assumptions on which the behaviour of the group is based. Bion specifically identified 3 basic assumptions: dependency, fight-flight, and pairing.^[31] When a group adopts any one of these basic assumptions, it interferes with the chore the grouping is attempting to accomplish. Bion believed that interpretation past the therapist of this aspect of grouping dynamics would, whilst being resisted, too event in potential insight regarding effective, co-operative group work.^[32]

In dependency, the essential aim of the group is to attain security through, and accept its members protected past, ane individual. The basic supposition in this group civilisation seems to be that an external object exists whose function it is to provide security for the young individual.^[33] The group members bear passively, and act as though the leader, by contrast, is omnipotent and all-seeing. For example, the leader may pose a question simply to be greeted with docile silence, as though he or she had not spoken at all. The leader may exist idealized into a kind of god who tin take intendance of his or her children, and some especially ambitious leaders may be susceptible to this role. Resentment at being dependent may eventually lead the group members to "take downward" the leader, and then search for a new leader to repeat the process.

In the basic assumption of fight-flying, the group behaves as though it has met to preserve itself at all costs, and that this tin can only exist done by running away from someone or fighting someone or something. In fight, the group may be characterized by aggressiveness and hostility; in flight, the group may chit-conversation, tell stories, arrive late or whatsoever other activities that serve to avoid addressing the task at hand. The leader for this sort of group is one who can mobilize the group for attack, or lead it in flying.

The terminal basic supposition grouping, pairing, exists on the assumption that the group has met for the purpose of reproduction—the basic assumption that two people can be met together for only ane purpose, and that a sexual one'.^[34] Ii people, regardless the sexual activity of either, carry out the work of the group through their continued interaction. The remaining group members heed eagerly and attentively with a sense of relief and hopeful anticipation.

Bion considered that "the three basic-supposition groups seem each in turn to exist aggregates of individuals sharing out between them the characteristics of one character in the Oedipal situation".^[35] Behind the Oedipal level, withal, Bion postulated the existence of still more primitive, part-object phantasies; and "the more disturbed the group, the more easily discernible are these primitive phantasies and mechanisms".^[36] Such phantasies would prove the chief focus of Bion's interest after his second analysis.

Bion on thinking [edit]

"During the 1950s and 1960s, Bion transformed Melanie Klein's theories of infantile phantasy...into an epistemological "theory of thinking" of his ain."^[37] Bion used as his starting point the phenomenology of the analytic hr, highlighting the two principles of "the emergence of truth and mental growth. The mind grows through exposure to truth."^[38] The foundation for both mental evolution and truth are, for Bion, emotional experience.^[39]

The evolution of emotional experience into the capacity for thought, and the potential derailment of this process, are the primary phenomena described in Bion's model. Through his hypothesized alpha and beta elements, Bion provides a language to assist one think well-nigh what is occurring during the analytic hour. These tools are intended for use outside the hour in the clinician's reflective process. To attempt to use his models during the analytic session violates the basic principle whereby "Bion had advocated starting every session 'without retentivity, desire or agreement'—his antidote to those intrusive influences that otherwise threaten to distort the analytic process."^[40]

Blastoff elements, beta elements, and alpha function [edit]

Bion created a theory of thinking based on changing beta elements (unmetabolized psyche/soma/affective feel) into alpha elements (thoughts that tin can be thought by the thinker). Beta elements were seen equally cognate to the underpinnings of the "basic assumptions" identified in his work with groups: "the fundamental anxieties that underlie the bones assumption group resistances were originally thought of as proto-mental phenomena...forerunners of Bion'southward afterward concept of beta-elements."^[41] They were equally conceptual developments from his work on projective identification—from the "minutely divide 'particles'" Bion saw as expelled in pathological projective identification by the psychotic, who would and so continue to "club them in the angry, then-called bizarre objects by which he feels persecuted and controlled".^[42] For "these raw $.25 of experience he chosen beta-elements...to be actively handled and made use of past the listen they must, through what Bion calls alpha-functions, get blastoff-elements".^[43]

β elements, α elements and α function are elements that Bion (1963) hypothesizes. He does not consider β-elements, α- elements, nor α function to actually be. The terms are instead tools for thinking about what is existence observed. They are elements whose qualities remain unsaturated, meaning nosotros cannot know the full extent or telescopic of their meaning, so they are intended as tools for thought rather than real things to be accepted at face value (1962, p. 3).

Bion took for granted that the infant requires a mind to help information technology tolerate and organize feel. For Bion, thoughts be prior to the development of an appliance for thinking. The apparatus for thinking, the chapters to have thoughts "has to be called into existence to cope with thoughts" (1967, p. 111). Thoughts exist prior to their realization. Thinking, the capacity to remember the thoughts which already exist, develops through another mind providing α-office (1962, p. 83)—through the "container" role of maternal reverie.

To larn from feel blastoff-function must operate on the awareness of the emotional experience; alpha–elements are produced from the impressions of the experience; these are thus made storable and available for dream thoughts and for unconscious waking thinking... If in that location are just beta-elements, which cannot exist made unconscious, there tin be no repression, suppression, or learning. (Bion, 1962, p. 8)

α-role works upon undigested facts, impressions, and sensations, that cannot be mentalized—beta-elements. α-part digests β-elements, making them available for idea (1962, pp. vi–seven).

Beta-elements are non acquiescent to use in dream thoughts but are suited for utilize in projective identification. They are influential in producing acting out. These are objects that tin can be evacuated or used for a kind of thinking that depends on manipulation of what are felt to be things in themselves as if to substitute such manipulations for words or ideas... Alpha-function transforms sense impressions into alpha-elements which resemble, and may in fact exist identical with, the visual images with which we are familiar in dreams, namely, the elements that Freud regards as yielding their latent content when the analyst has interpreted them. Failure of alpha-office means the patient cannot dream and therefore cannot sleep. As alpha-role makes the sense impressions of the emotional feel bachelor for conscious and dream—thought the patient who cannot dream cannot become to sleep and cannot wake up. (1962, pp. 6–7)

Bizarre object [edit]

Bizarre objects, according to Bion, are external objects which, by way of projective identification, are imbued with characteristics of the subject's ain personality; they form part of his interpretation of object relations theory. Bion saw psychotic attacks on the normal linking betwixt objects as producing a fractured world, where the patient felt themselves surrounded by hostile bizarre objects—the past-products of the broken linkages.^[44] Such objects, with their superego components,^[45] mistiness the boundary of internal and external, and impose a kind of externalised moralism on their victims.^[46] They can also contain ego-functions that have been evacuated from the self as office of the defense confronting thinking, sensing, and coming to terms with reality: thus a man may experience watched by his telephone,^[47] or that the music player being listened to is in fact listening to him in turn.^[48]

Later developments [edit]

Hanna Segal considered bizarre objects more than difficult to re-internalise than either good or bad objects due to their splintered country: grouped together in a mass or psychic gang, their threatening properties may contribute to agoraphobia.^[49]

Noesis, beloved and hate [edit]

Successful application of alpha-part leads to "the chapters to tolerate the bodily frustration involved in learning ("K") that [Bion] calls 'learning from feel'".^[l] The reverse of knowledge "K" was what Bion termed "−K": "the procedure that strips, denudes, and devalues persons, experiences, and ideas."^[51]

Both K and −G interact for Bion with Beloved and Hate, as links within the analytic relationship. "The complexities of the emotional link, whether Beloved or Hate or Knowledge [L, H, and 1000 – the Bionic relational triad]"^[52] produce ever-changing "atmospheric" effects in the analytic situation. The patient's focus may wish to be "on Love and Hate (L and H) rather than the knowledge (K) that is properly at stake in psychoanalytic enquiry."^[53]

For Bion, "noesis is not a thing we have, merely a link between ourselves and what nosotros know ... K is being willing to know but not insisting on knowledge."^[54] By contrast, -Yard is "not just ignorance but the active abstention of knowledge, or fifty-fifty the wish to destroy the chapters for information technology"^[55] – and "enacts what 'Attacks on Linking' identifies as hatred of emotion, hatred of reality, hatred of life itself."^[56]

Looking for the source of such hate (H), Bion notes in Learning from Experience that, "Inevitably i wonders at various points in the investigation why such a phenomenon as that represented by −K should exist. ... I shall consider one cistron only – Envy. By this term I mean the phenomenon described past Melanie Klein in Green-eyed and Gratitude" (1962, p. 96).

Reversible perspective and −Yard [edit]

"Reversible Perspective" was a term coined by Bion to illuminate "a peculiar and deadly grade of analytic impasse which defends against psychic pain".^[57] It represents the clash of "two independently experienced views or phenomena whose meanings are incompatible".^[58] In Bion's ain words, "Reversible perspective is evidence of hurting; the patient reverses perspective and then as to make a dynamic situation static."^[59]

Equally summarised by Etchegoyen, "Reversible perspective is an farthermost example of rigidity of thought. ... Every bit Bion says, what is about characteristic in such cases is the manifest accord and the latent discord."^[60] In clinical contexts, what may happen is that the analyst's "interpretation is accepted, just the premises take been rejected ... the actual specificity, the substance of the interpretation".^[61] Reversible perspective is an aspect of "the potential devastation and deformation of knowledge"^[59] – one of the attacks on linking of −K.

O: The ineffable [edit]

As his thought continued to develop, Bion came to use Negative Capability and the suspension of Memory and Desire in his piece of work as an annotator, in lodge to investigate psychic reality - which he regarded as essentially 'not-sensuous' (1970). Post-obit his 1965 book Transformations he had an increasing interest in what he termed the domain of "O" – the unknowable, or ultimate Truth. "In aesthetics, Bion has been described equally a neo-Kantian for whom reality, or the affair-in-itself (O), cannot be known, but be "be-ed" (1965). What can exist known is said by Bion to be in the realm of K, impinging through its sensory channels.^[62] If the observer tin desist from "irritably reaching for fact and reason", and suspend the normal performance of the faculties of memory and apperception, what Bion chosen transformations in knowledge can permit an 'evolution' where transformations in K touch on transformations in Being (O). Bion believed such moments to feel both ominous and turbulent, threatening a loss of anchorage in everyday 'narrative' security.

Bion would speak of "an intense catastrophic emotional explosion O,"^[63] which could only be known through its aftereffects. Where before he had privileged the domain of cognition (K), now he would speak likewise of "resistance to the shift from transformations involving One thousand (knowledge) to transformations involving O ... resistance to the unknowable".^[64] Hence his injunctions to the analyst to eschew retentivity and desire, to "bring to bear a diminution of the 'light' – a penetrating beam of darkness; a reciprocal of the searchlight. If any object existed, however faint, it would show up very clearly".^[65] In stating this he was making connections to Freud, who in a letter to Lou Andreas Salome had referred to a mental counterpart of scotopic, "mole like vision", used to gain impressions of the Unconscious. He was as well making links with the apophatic method used past wistful thinkers such equally St John of the Cross, a author quoted many times by Bion. Bion was well enlightened that our perception and our attending frequently blind us to what genuinely and strikingly is new in every moment.

Reverie [edit]

Bion's concept of maternal "reverie" equally the capacity to sense (and make sense of) what is going on inside the baby^[66] has been an important element in post-Kleinian idea: "Reverie is an act of faith in unconscious process ... essential to alpha-function'"^[67] It is considered the equivalent of Stern's attunement, or Winnicott's maternal preoccupation.

In therapy, the annotator's utilise of "reverie" is an important tool in his/her response to the patient's fabric: "It is this capacity for playing with a patient's images that Bion encouraged".^[68]

Late Bion [edit]

"For the afterwards Bion, the psychoanalytic run into was itself a site of turbulence, 'a mental space for further ideas which may yet exist developed'."^[69] In his unorthodox quest to maintain such "mental space", Bion "spent the terminal years of his long and distinguished professional life [writing] a futuristic trilogy in which he is answerable to no one but himself, A Memoir of the Future."^[69]

If nosotros accept that "Bion introduced a new form of pedagogy in his writings...[via] the density and not-linearity of his prose",^[seventy] it comes maybe to a peak hither in what he himself termed "a fictitious business relationship of psychoanalysis including an artificially constructed dream ... science fiction".^[71] Nosotros may conclude at least that he achieved his stated goal therein: "To foreclose someone who KNOWS from filling the empty space".^[72]

Bibliography [edit]

• Bion, W.R. (1940). The war of nerves. In Miller and Crichton-Miller (Eds.), The Neuroses in War (pp. 180 – 200). London: Macmillan, 1940.
• Bion, Westward.R. (1943). Intra-grouping tensions in therapy, Lancet 2: 678/781 - 27 November. 1943, in Experiences in Groups (1961).
• Bion, West. R.(1946). Leaderless group project, Message of the Menninger Clinic, ten: 77–81.
• Bion, W. R. (1948a). Psychiatry in a time of crunch, British Journal of Medical Psychology, vol.XXI.
• Bion, Westward. R. (1948b). Experiences in groups, Human Relations, vols. I-4, 1948–1951, Reprinted in Experiences in Groups (1961).
• Bion, W. R. (1950). The imaginary twin, read to the British Psychoanalytical Lodge, ane Nov. 1950. In Second Thoughts (1967).
• Bion, West. R. (1952). Grouping dynamics: a review. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, vol. 33:, Reprinted in M. Klein, P. Heimann & R. Money-Kyrle (editors). New Directions in Psychoanalysis (pp. 440–477). Tavistock Publications, London, 1955. Reprinted in Experiences in Groups (1961).
• Bion, W. R. (1954). Notes on the theory of schizophrenia. Read in the Symposium "The Psychology of Schizophrenia" at the 18th International psycho-analytical congress, London, 1953 International Journal of Psycho-Assay, vol. 35: Reprinted in Second Thoughts (1967).
• Bion, W. R. (1955a). The Development of Schizophrenic Thought, International Periodical of Psycho-Assay, vol. 37: Reprinted in Second Thoughts (1967).
• Bion, W. R. (1955b). Linguistic communication and the schizophrenic, in M. Klein, P. Heimann and R. Money-Kyrle (editors). New Directions in Psychoanalysis (pp. 220 – 239).Tavistock Publications, London, 1955.
• Bion, W. R. (1957a). The differentiation of the psychotic from the non-psychotic personalities, International Periodical of Psycho Analysis, vol. 38: Reprinted in Second Thoughts (1967).
• Bion, W. R. (1957b). On Arrogance, 20th International Congress of Psycho-Analysis, Paris, in Second Thoughts (1967).
• Bion, W. R. (1958). On Hallucination, International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, vol. 39, part 5: Reprinted in Second Thoughts (1967).
• Bion, W. R. (1959). Attacks on linking, International Periodical of Psycho-Assay, vol. 40: Reprinted in Second Thoughts (1967).
• Bion, W. R. (1961). Experiences in Groups, London: Tavistock.
• Bion, Westward. R. (1962a). A theory of thinking, International Periodical of Psycho-Analysis, vol. 43: Reprinted in Second Thoughts (1967).
• Bion, W. R. (1962b). Learning from Experience, London: William Heinemann. [Reprinted London: Karnac Books,]. Reprinted in Seven Servants (1977e).
• Bion, Due west. R. (1963). Elements of Psycho-Analysis, London: William Heinemann. [Reprinted London: Karnac Books]. Reprinted in Vii Servants (1977e).
• Bion, W. R. (1965). Transformations. London: William Heinemann [Reprinted London: Karnac Books 1984]. Reprinted in Seven Servants (1977e).
• Bion, Westward. R. (1966). Catastrophic alter, Message of the British Psychoanalytical Society, 1966, Due north°v.
• Bion, Due west. R. (1967a). Second Thoughts, London: William Heinemann. [Reprinted London: Karnac Books 1984].
• Bion, Due west. R. (1967b). Notes on retentivity and desire, Psycho-analytic Forum, vol. II n° 3 (pp. 271 – 280). [reprinted in East. Bott Spillius (Ed.). Melanie Klein Today Vol. 2 Mainly Practice (pp. 17–21) London: Routledge 1988].
• Bion, W. R. (1970). Attention and Interpretation. London: Tavistock Publications. [Reprinted London: Karnac Books 1984]. Reprinted in Seven Servants (1977e).
• Bion, W.R. (1973). Bion'due south Brazilian Lectures 1. Rio de Janeiro: Imago Editora. [Reprinted in one book London: Karnac Books 1990].
• Bion, Westward. R. (1974). Bion'south Brazilian Lectures 2. Rio de Janeiro: Imago Editora. [Reprinted in ane volume London: Karnac Books 1990].
• Bion, West.R. (1975). A Memoir of the Future, Book one The Dream. Rio de Janeiro: Imago Editora. [Reprinted in one book with Books two and three and 'The Key' London: Karnac Books 1991].
• Bion, W. R. (1976a). Bear witness. Message British Psycho-Analytical Society North° viii, 1976. Reprinted in Clinical Seminars and Iv Papers (1987).
• Bion, W.R. (1976b). Interview, with A.G.Banet jr., Group and Organisation Studies, vol. 1 No. three (pp. 268 – 285). September 1976.
• Bion, W.R. (1977a). A Memoir of the Future, Book ii The Past Presented. Rio de Janeiro: Imago Editora. [Reprinted in ane volume with Books 1 and iii and 'The Key' London: Karnac Books 1991].
• Bion, W.R. (1977b). Two Papers: The Grid and Caesura. Rio de Janeiro: Imago Editora. [Reprinted London: Karnac Books 1989].
• Bion, W. R. (1977c). On a Quotation from Freud, in Borderline Personality Disorders, New York: International University Press. Reprinted in Clinical Seminars and Four Papers(1987). [Reprinted in Clinical Seminars and Other Works. London: Karnac Books, 1994].
• Bion, W. R. (1977d). Emotional Turbulence, in Borderline Personality Disorders, New York: International University Printing. Reprinted in Clinical Seminars and 4 Papers(1987). [Reprinted in Clinical Seminars and Other Works. London: Karnac Books, 1994].
• Bion, Westward. R. (1977e). Vii Servants. New York: Jason Aronson inc. (includes Elements of Psychoanalysis, Learning from Experience, Transformations, Attention and Interpretation).
• Bion, Due west.R. (1978). Four Discussions with Due west.R. Bion. Perthshire: Clunie Printing. [Reprinted in Clinical Seminars and Other Works. London: Karnac Books, 1994].
• Bion, W.R. (1979a). Making the best of a Bad Job. Bulletin British Psycho-Analytical Social club, February 1979. Reprinted in Clinical Seminars and Iv Papers (1987). [Reprinted in Clinical Seminars and Other Works. London: Karnac Books, 1994].
• Bion, West.R. (1979b). A Memoir of the Future, Book three The Dawn of Oblivion. Perthshire: Clunie Printing. [Reprinted in 1 volume with Books 1 and 2 and 'The Primal' London: Karnac Books 1991].
• Bion, W.R. (1980). Bion in New York and São Paulo. (Edited past F.Bion). Perthshire: Clunie Printing.
• Bion, W.R. (1981). A Key to A Memoir of the Time to come. (Edited by F.Bion). Perthshire: Clunie Press. [Reprinted in i book London: Karnac Books 1991].
• Bion, W.R. (1982). The Long Weekend: 1897-1919 (Part of a Life). (Edited by F.Bion). Abingdon: The Fleetwood Printing.
• Bion, W.R. (1985). All My Sins Remembered (Some other part of a Life) and The Other Side of Genius: Family Letters. (Edited by F.Bion). Abingdon: The Fleetwood Press.
• Bion, W.R. (1985). Seminari Italiani. (Edited past F.Bion). Roma: Borla.
• Bion, W.R. (1987). Clinical Seminars and Four Papers, (Edited by F.Bion). Abingdon: Fleetwood Press. [Reprinted in Clinical Seminars and Other Works. London: Karnac Books, 1994].
• Bion, Due west.R. (1992). Cogitations. (Edited by F.Bion). London: Karnac Books.
• Bion, Westward.R. (1997a). Taming Wild Thoughts. (Edited by F.Bion). London: Karnac Books.
• Bion, W.R. (1997b). State of war Memoirs 1917 - 1919. (Edited by F.Bion). London: Karnac Books.
• Bion, Wilfred R (1999). Seminar held in Paris, 10 July 1978. Transcribed by Francesca Bion Sept
• Bion, Wilfred R (2014). The Complete Works of W. R. Bion. Edited past Mawson, C. (2014). Karnac Books, London. xvi Volumes

See also [edit]

• Ernest Jones
• Henry Ezriel
• Ignacio Matte Blanco
• Melanie Klein
• Negative capability
• Object relations theory
• Paranoid anxiety
• Projective identification
• Socio-assay
• Tavistock Found
• Unthought known
• Donald Meltzer
• Ideas of reference
• Sexual fetishism
• Surrealism

References [edit]

1. ^ "Wilfred Bion". Institute of Psychoanalysis. British Psychoanalytical Gild. Retrieved ten April 2017.
2. ^ ^{a b} Malcolm Pines, 'Bion, Wilfred Ruprecht (1897–1979)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edition, May 2007. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/51057. Retrieved 2008-09-10.
3. ^ "No. 30530". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 February 1918. p. 2156.
4. ^ "No. 31150". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 January 1919. p. 1446.
5. ^ Medal card for Bion, Wilfred Ruprecht, Documents Online, The National Archives (fee may be required to view full original medal carte du jour). Retrieved 2008-09-10.
6. ^ "No. 30778". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 July 1918. p. 7865.
7. ^ "No. 30791". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 July 1918. p. 8164.
8. ^ "No. 31056". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 December 1918. p. 14550.
9. ^ "No. 31272". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 Apr 1919. p. 4505.
10. ^ "No. 32542". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 Dec 1921. pp. 10000–10002.
11. ^ "No. 30801". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 July 1918. p. 8439.
12. ^ Mary Jacobus, The Poetics of Psychoanalysis (Oxford 2005) p. 193 and due north
13. ^ The Medical Directory, 125th edition, 1969
14. ^ "No. 34843". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 May 1940. pp. 2703–2704.
15. ^ https://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=bjp.015.0368a
16. ^ Symington J. & Symington N.. The Clinical Thinking of Wilfred Bion (London 1996) pp. 12–13
17. ^ Bion: Bones Assumptions & The Grid
18. ^ Bion W.R. (1985). All My Sins Remembered: Another Part of a Life and the Other Side of Genius ‐ Family Messages by Wilfred R. Bion. London : Karnac Books.
19. ^ Culbert‐Koehn, J. (2011), An analysis with Bion: an interview with James Gooch. Periodical of Analytical Psychology, 56: 76-91. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5922.2010.01891.10
20. ^ James T. Grotstein, A Beam of Intense Darkness (London 2007). pp. ix–10.
21. ^ Neville Symington, Narcissism: A New Theory (London 2003). p. 97.
22. ^ Jung, C.G. (1977). CW xviii, The Symbolic Life, paragraphs 55, 135 & 137. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
23. ^ Maier, Christian (2016). "Bion and C.G. Jung. How did the container-contained model find its thinker? The fate of a cryptomnesia". Journal of Analytical Psychology. 61, Part ii (2): 135. doi:10.1111/1468-5922.12209. PMID 27000691.
24. ^ Grotstein, James (1987). "Making the All-time of a Bad Bargain—On Harold Boris' 'Bion Revisited'". Contemporary Psychoanalysis. 23: 63. doi:10.1080/00107530.1987.10746164.
25. ^ W.R. Bion. Experiences in Groups - and other papers. (2001). Bruner-Routledge, New York. Page 11.
26. ^ Due west.R. Bion. Experiences in Groups - and other papers. (2001). Bruner-Routledge, New York. Page 22.
27. ^ West.R. Bion. Experiences in Groups - and other papers. (2001). Bruner-Routledge, New York. Page 39.
28. ^ ^{a b} W.R. Bion. Experiences in Groups - and other papers. (2001). Bruner-Routledge, New York. Page 50.
29. ^ W.R. Bion. Experiences in Groups - and other papers. (2001). Bruner-Routledge, New York. Page 123.
30. ^ Due west. R. Bion, Experiences in Groups (London 1980) p. 66
31. ^ Margaret J. Rioch, "The Work of Wilfred Bion on Groups", 1970.
32. ^ Page 194 to 196, Irvin D. Yalom, The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy, third edition, Basic Books (1985), hardback, ISBN 0-465-08447-8
33. ^ Bion, Experiences p. 74
34. ^ Bion, Experiences p. 62
35. ^ Bion, Experiences p. 161
36. ^ Bion, Experiences p. 164–5
37. ^ Jacobus, p. 174
38. ^ Symington & Symington, 1996, pp. 2–three
39. ^ Bion, 1962, Intro & pp. 5–half-dozen.
40. ^ Patrick Casement, Further Learning from the Patient (London 1990) p. 10
41. ^ Grotstein, in Richard Morgan-Jones, The Body of the Organisation and its Health (London 2010) p. 26
42. ^ Jacobus, pp. 206–vii
43. ^ Michael Parsons, The Dove that Returns, the Dove that Vanishes (London 2000) p. 198
44. ^ The legacy of Wifrid Bion
45. ^ J. Abram, The Language of Winnicott (2007) pp. 88–ix
46. ^ Robert Caper, A Heed of One's Own (2005) p. 7 and p. 139
47. ^ N. Symington, Narcissism (1993) p. 110
48. ^ R. Anderson ed., Clinical Lectures on Klein and Bion (1992) p. 93
49. ^ H. Segal, Dream, Phantasy and Fine art (2006) p. 38
50. ^ Jacobus, p. 193
51. ^ Jacobus, p. 192
52. ^ Jacobus, p. 233
53. ^ Jacobus, p. 240
54. ^ Parsons, p. 67 and p. 48
55. ^ Parsons, p. 48
56. ^ Jacobus, p. 222
57. ^ Mary Jacobus, The Poetics of Psychoanalysis (London 2005) p. 43
58. ^ Jacobus, p. 261
59. ^ ^{a b} Jacobus, p. 243
60. ^ F. Horacio Etchegoyen, The Fundamentals of Psychoanalytic Technique (London 2005) pp. 770–2
61. ^ Ruth R. Malcolm, "Every bit if", in Robin Anderson ed., Clinical Lectures on Klein and Bion (London 1982) p. 116 and p. 118
62. ^ Jacobus, p. 227
63. ^ Quoted in Jacobus, p. 251n
64. ^ Jacobus, pp. 251–2
65. ^ Bion quoted in Patrick Casement, On Learning from the Patient (London 1990) p. 223
66. ^ Jacobus, p. 160n
67. ^ Michael Parsons, pp. 200–i
68. ^ Patrick Casement, On Learning from the Patient (London 1990) p. 37
69. ^ ^{a b} Jacobus, p. 258
70. ^ Grotstein, Beam p. 17
71. ^ Bion, quoted in Jacobus, p. 261
72. ^ Bion, quoted in Jacobus, p. 259

External links [edit]

• "A Seminar Held in Paris" by Bion, online in full
• Useful summary of Bion - Robert Young book
• Bion: Basic Assumptions & The Filigree
• Bion talks (video clip, 07:11) Excerpt from a seminar at the Tavistock Clinic Monday July 4, 1977.
• Robin Pape: Biography of Wilfred Ruprecht Bion in: Biographical Annal of Psychiatry (BIAPSY), 2015.
• Baroque object at encyclopedia.com

Farther reading [edit]

• Bleandonu, Gerard, Wilfred Bion: His Life and Works. Free Association Books, London, 1994
• Grinberg, Leon. New Introduction to the Piece of work of Bion. Karnac Books, London, 1977
• Symington, Neville and Joan. The Clinical Thinking of Wilfred Bion. Routledge, London, 1996
• Michael Eigen, The Electrified Tightrope (London 2004)
• Michael Eigen, "Contact With the Depths", London, 2011.
• López-Corvo, Rafael, The Dictionary of the Work of West.R. Bion, Karnac Books, London, 2003
• Donald Meltzer, Dream-Life: A Re-Examination of the Psycho-Analytical Theory and Technique Publisher: Karnac Books, 1983, ISBN 0-902965-17-4
• Donald Meltzer, Studies in Extended Metapsychology: Clinical Applications of Bion's Ideas. Perthshire: Clunie Press, 1986
• Joseph Mintz, Professional Uncertainty, Noesis and Relationship in the Classroom: A Psycho-social Perspective London Routledge 2014
• Paulo Cesar Sandler, The Linguistic communication of Bion: A Lexicon of Concepts (London 2005)
• Meg Harris Williams,Bion'south Dream: A Reading of the Autobiographies London: Karnac, 2010
• López-Corvo, Rafaël E., Wild Thoughts Searching for a Thinker, A Clinical Application of W.R. Bion's Theories. Karanac Books, London, 2006.
• López-Corvo, Rafaël E., Traumatised and Not-Traumatised States of the Personality: A Clinical Understanding Using Bion'south Approach. Karnac Books, London, 2014.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Bion

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